{"@context":{"aiiso":"http:\/\/purl.org\/vocab\/aiiso\/schema#","arm":"https:\/\/ld4p.github.io\/arm\/core\/ontology\/0.1\/","bf":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/ontologies\/bibframe\/","bib":"https:\/\/bibliotek-o.org\/","bibo":"http:\/\/purl.org\/ontology\/bibo\/","cito":"http:\/\/purl.org\/spar\/cito\/","classSchemes":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/classSchemes","dbo":"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/ontology\/","dce":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/","dcmitype":"http:\/\/dublincore.org\/documents\/2000\/07\/11\/dcmi-type-vocabulary\/#","dcterms":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/","ebucore":"http:\/\/www.ebu.ch\/metadata\/ontologies\/ebucore\/ebucore","edm":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/","foaf":"http:\/\/xmlns.com\/foaf\/spec\/#","frap":"http:\/\/purl.org\/cerif\/frapo","identifiers":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers","ids":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers\/","opaque":"http:\/\/opaquenamespace.org\/","pcdm":"http:\/\/pcdm.org\/models#","phaidra":"https:\/\/phaidra.org\/ontology\/","rdam":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/m\/","rdau":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/u\/","rdax":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/x\/","rdf":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/02\/22-rdf-syntax-ns#","rdfs":"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/rdf-schema\/","relators":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators","role":{"@context":{"advisor":{"@container":"@list","@id":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/advisor"},"aut":{"@container":"@list","@id":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/aut"}}},"schema":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","skos":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2004\/02\/skos\/core#","skosxl":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2008\/05\/skos-xl"},"@id":"https:\/\/door.donau-uni.ac.at\/o:5737","bf:note":[{"@type":"bf:Note","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Cities account for over 70 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions and face acute \nclimate vulnerabilities, underscoring the urgent need for targeted urban climate finance. \nMultilateral Development Banks such as the New Development Bank play a key role in bridging \nthe adaptation funding gap in emerging economies. This study presents a systematic \nquantitative analysis of the New Development Bank’s urban climate portfolio from 2016 to \n2024, using a descriptive research design composed of three analytical components: \ndescriptive, comparative, and trend analyses. Data from 115 projects were collected from \nofficial Bank documents, harmonized to December 2024 USD using consumer price index \nadjustments, and manually coded using explicit classification criteria for borrower types, \nclimate focus, and urban designation. Results show that the New Development Bank made \nsubstantial urban investments, with urban projects comprising 32.5 percent of its portfolio, or \nUSD 14.6 billion, exceeding global municipal finance benchmarks but remaining insufficient to \nmeet international urban resilience goals. Investment was heavily concentrated in Brazil, \nChina, and India, with Brazil notably allocating more funding to urban than non-urban projects. \nHowever, subnational governments had minimal direct involvement, constrained by structural \nbarriers to international finance. National governments and state-owned enterprises dominated \nborrowing through sovereign-backed loans, while the average urban project size of USD 280 \nmillion often exceeded the financial and administrative capacities of municipalities. Climate \nfinance allocation revealed a significant imbalance, with a strong emphasis on mitigation and \ncritical underfunding of adaptation, even though adaptation outcomes depend heavily on \nsubnational implementation. Transparency limitations, particularly in projects involving \nfinancial intermediaries, further obscured the role of local actors. This research identifies \nsystemic constraints within multilateral financing structures, links local governance capacity to \nadaptation effectiveness, and calls for improved tracking of subnational engagement. It \nrecommends redesigning finance mechanisms to empower cities, scaling direct subnational \nlending, and prioritizing outcome-based evaluations to support transformative urban resilience."}]}],"dce:subject":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"urban climate finance"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"urban adaptation"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"urban mitigation"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"sustainable urban development"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"multilateral development banks"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"development finance institutions"}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Urban climate finance at the new development bank: Portfolio analysis and trends (2016–2024)"}]}],"dcterms:created":["2025"],"dcterms:language":["eng"],"dcterms:type":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/69ZZ-2KGX"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Testo"}]}],"ebucore:filename":["Master Thesis - Eduardo Lemes.pdf"],"ebucore:hasMimeType":["application\/pdf"],"edm:hasType":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/P2YP-BMND"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Master theses"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Masterarbeit"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Tesi di master"}]}],"edm:rights":["http:\/\/rightsstatements.org\/vocab\/InC\/1.0\/"],"role:advisor":[{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:affiliation":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"Poznań University of Economics and Business"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/ror.org\/0532c1x92"]}],"schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Bryl"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Łukasz"}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0000-0003-0565-6394"}]},{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:affiliation":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"Universität für Weiterbildung Krems"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/ror.org\/03ef4a036"]}],"schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Viale Pereira"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Gabriela"}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0000-0002-7602-3052"}]}],"role:aut":[{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Lemes Schlemm"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Eduardo"}]}]}