{"@context":{"aiiso":"http:\/\/purl.org\/vocab\/aiiso\/schema#","arm":"https:\/\/ld4p.github.io\/arm\/core\/ontology\/0.1\/","bf":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/ontologies\/bibframe\/","bib":"https:\/\/bibliotek-o.org\/","bibo":"http:\/\/purl.org\/ontology\/bibo\/","cito":"http:\/\/purl.org\/spar\/cito\/","classSchemes":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/classSchemes","dbo":"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/ontology\/","dce":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/","dcmitype":"http:\/\/dublincore.org\/documents\/2000\/07\/11\/dcmi-type-vocabulary\/#","dcterms":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/","ebucore":"http:\/\/www.ebu.ch\/metadata\/ontologies\/ebucore\/ebucore","edm":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/","foaf":"http:\/\/xmlns.com\/foaf\/spec\/#","frap":"http:\/\/purl.org\/cerif\/frapo","identifiers":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers","ids":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers\/","opaque":"http:\/\/opaquenamespace.org\/","pcdm":"http:\/\/pcdm.org\/models#","phaidra":"https:\/\/phaidra.org\/ontology\/","rdam":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/m\/","rdau":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/u\/","rdax":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/x\/","rdf":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/02\/22-rdf-syntax-ns#","rdfs":"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/rdf-schema\/","relators":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators","role":{"@context":{"aut":{"@container":"@list","@id":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/aut"}}},"schema":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","skos":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2004\/02\/skos\/core#","skosxl":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2008\/05\/skos-xl"},"@id":"https:\/\/door.donau-uni.ac.at\/o:5692","bf:note":[{"@type":"bf:Note","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Key points\n\n• Irregular migrants are difficult to capture in statistics because of their absence from \nofficial sampling frames, mobility, and fear of detection. Surveying them requires tailored \napproaches, including non-probability sampling, trust-building strategies and ethical \nsafeguards.\n\n• This chapter reviews three types of surveys that can yield data on irregular migrants: \nthose that explicitly include them in the sampling design, those that target applicants \nof regularisation programmes, and retrospective surveys that reconstruct past legal \ntrajectories.\n\n• Drawing on examples from France, Italy, Spain and the United States, this chapter shows \nhow innovative designs and context-specific adaptations can improve coverage and data \nquality.\n\n• Each approach has its own strengths and limitations. A combination of methods, applied \nthoughtfully, is needed to strengthen the evidence base and support more accurate data \ncollection and analysis."}]}],"dce:subject":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Surveying irregular migrants"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"hard-to-count-population"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"sampling methods"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Legal status trajectories"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Data challenges"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Mixed methods"}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Surveying irregular migrants: Challenges and approaches"}]}],"dcterms:issued":["2025-09-30"],"dcterms:language":["eng"],"dcterms:type":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/69ZZ-2KGX"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Testo"}]}],"ebucore:filename":["Chapter 10_.pdf"],"ebucore:hasMimeType":["application\/pdf"],"edm:hasType":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/XA52-09WA"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"book part"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Buchkapitel"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Capitolo di libro"}]}],"edm:rights":["http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"],"rdam:P30004":[{"@type":"ids:doi","@value":"10.48341\/g31s-vq79-10"}],"rdau:P60101":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","bf:provisionActivity":[{"@type":"bf:Publication","bf:agent":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"University of Krems Press"}]}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@value":"Handbook on Irregular Migration Data. 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