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<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">Innovations in methodological approaches to estimate irregular migrant stocks and flows</lom:langstring>

  
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<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">Key points

• This chapter builds on Rodríguez-Sánchez and Tjaden (2023), who reviewed the main
methods for estimating irregular migrant stocks and flows, spanning both established and
more experimental approaches.

• Measuring irregular migration remains a fundamental challenge: the population is difficult
to observe, and even widely used methods such as residual estimation or capture–recapture
provide only partial pictures.

• Traditional techniques continue to form the backbone of the field, but improvements have
often come from incremental innovations, such as using mortality data to refine life-course
approaches, or expanding residual methods with large government databases and machine
learning.

• More novel directions, such as exploiting consular registers, driver’s licence data, or online
search behaviour, show promise in filling gaps, though these remain context-specific and
experimental.</lom:langstring>

  
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<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">Estimation methods</lom:langstring>

  
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<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">Irregular migration stocks and flows</lom:langstring>

  
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<lom:langstring xml:lang="en">Innovative data sources</lom:langstring>

  
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<lom:datetime>2025-09-30T07:36:51.593Z</lom:datetime>

  
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N:Rodríguez-Sánchez;Alejandra;
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<lom:vcard>BEGIN:VCARD
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N:Tjaden;Jasper;
FN:Jasper Tjaden
X-ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-3535
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