{"@context":{"aiiso":"http:\/\/purl.org\/vocab\/aiiso\/schema#","arm":"https:\/\/ld4p.github.io\/arm\/core\/ontology\/0.1\/","bf":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/ontologies\/bibframe\/","bib":"https:\/\/bibliotek-o.org\/","bibo":"http:\/\/purl.org\/ontology\/bibo\/","cito":"http:\/\/purl.org\/spar\/cito\/","classSchemes":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/classSchemes","dbo":"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/ontology\/","dce":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/","dcmitype":"http:\/\/dublincore.org\/documents\/2000\/07\/11\/dcmi-type-vocabulary\/#","dcterms":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/","ebucore":"http:\/\/www.ebu.ch\/metadata\/ontologies\/ebucore\/ebucore","edm":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/","foaf":"http:\/\/xmlns.com\/foaf\/spec\/#","frap":"http:\/\/purl.org\/cerif\/frapo","identifiers":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers","ids":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers\/","opaque":"http:\/\/opaquenamespace.org\/","pcdm":"http:\/\/pcdm.org\/models#","phaidra":"https:\/\/phaidra.org\/ontology\/","rdam":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/m\/","rdau":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/u\/","rdax":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/x\/","rdf":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/02\/22-rdf-syntax-ns#","rdfs":"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/rdf-schema\/","relators":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators","role":{"@context":{"aut":{"@container":"@list","@id":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/aut"}}},"schema":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","skos":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2004\/02\/skos\/core#","skosxl":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2008\/05\/skos-xl"},"@id":"https:\/\/door.donau-uni.ac.at\/o:5685","bf:note":[{"@type":"bf:Note","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Key points\n\n• This chapter builds on Rodríguez-Sánchez and Tjaden (2023), who reviewed the main\nmethods for estimating irregular migrant stocks and flows, spanning both established and\nmore experimental approaches.\n\n• Measuring irregular migration remains a fundamental challenge: the population is difficult\nto observe, and even widely used methods such as residual estimation or capture–recapture\nprovide only partial pictures.\n\n• Traditional techniques continue to form the backbone of the field, but improvements have\noften come from incremental innovations, such as using mortality data to refine life-course\napproaches, or expanding residual methods with large government databases and machine\nlearning.\n\n• More novel directions, such as exploiting consular registers, driver’s licence data, or online\nsearch behaviour, show promise in filling gaps, though these remain context-specific and\nexperimental."}]}],"dce:subject":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Estimation methods"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Irregular migration stocks and flows"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Innovative data sources"}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Innovations in methodological approaches to estimate irregular migrant stocks and flows"}]}],"dcterms:issued":["2025-09-30"],"dcterms:language":["eng"],"dcterms:type":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/69ZZ-2KGX"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Testo"}]}],"ebucore:filename":["Chapter 5_.pdf"],"ebucore:hasMimeType":["application\/pdf"],"edm:hasType":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/XA52-09WA"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"book part"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Buchkapitel"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Capitolo di libro"}]}],"edm:rights":["http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"],"rdam:P30004":[{"@type":"ids:doi","@value":"10.48341\/g31s-vq79-05"}],"rdau:P60101":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","bf:provisionActivity":[{"@type":"bf:Publication","bf:agent":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"University of Krems Press"}]}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@value":"Handbook on Irregular Migration Data. 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