{"@context":{"aiiso":"http:\/\/purl.org\/vocab\/aiiso\/schema#","arm":"https:\/\/ld4p.github.io\/arm\/core\/ontology\/0.1\/","bf":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/ontologies\/bibframe\/","bib":"https:\/\/bibliotek-o.org\/","bibo":"http:\/\/purl.org\/ontology\/bibo\/","cito":"http:\/\/purl.org\/spar\/cito\/","classSchemes":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/classSchemes","dbo":"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/ontology\/","dce":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/","dcmitype":"http:\/\/dublincore.org\/documents\/2000\/07\/11\/dcmi-type-vocabulary\/#","dcterms":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/","ebucore":"http:\/\/www.ebu.ch\/metadata\/ontologies\/ebucore\/ebucore","edm":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/","foaf":"http:\/\/xmlns.com\/foaf\/spec\/#","frap":"http:\/\/purl.org\/cerif\/frapo","identifiers":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers","ids":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers\/","opaque":"http:\/\/opaquenamespace.org\/","pcdm":"http:\/\/pcdm.org\/models#","phaidra":"https:\/\/phaidra.org\/ontology\/","rdam":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/m\/","rdau":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/u\/","rdax":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/x\/","rdf":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/02\/22-rdf-syntax-ns#","rdfs":"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/rdf-schema\/","relators":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators","role":{"@context":{"aut":{"@container":"@list","@id":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/aut"}}},"schema":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","skos":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2004\/02\/skos\/core#","skosxl":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2008\/05\/skos-xl"},"@id":"https:\/\/door.donau-uni.ac.at\/o:5684","bf:note":[{"@type":"bf:Note","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Key points\n\n• Irregular migration is difficult to measure, and the data that exist are often limited,\ninconsistent, or outdated. This chapter introduces a practical framework to help users\nassess the quality and credibility of such data, rather than taking estimates at face value.\n\n• It distinguishes between key data types—stocks vs flows, estimates vs indicators—and\nhighlights how conceptual ambiguity, observational gaps, and poor documentation can\nundermine how irregular migration data are interpreted and used.\n\n• When applied to over 250 estimates across 14 countries, the framework reveals significant\nvariation in quality. While some countries produce relatively robust and transparent figures,\nmany rely on outdated, methodically weak or poorly documented estimates. Still, pockets of\ngood practice exist across North America and Europe, which can be built on.\n\n• The chapter argues that responsible use of irregular migration data depends not only on\nimproving data systems, but also on the ability of users to critically assess what data mean,\nhow they were produced, and whether they are fit for purpose."}]}],"dce:subject":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Data quality"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Irregular migration"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"measurement uncertainty"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"indicators"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"estimates"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"critical data assessment"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"FAIR data principles"}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"What are good quality data on a phenomenon that is hard to measure?"}]}],"dcterms:issued":["2025-09-30"],"dcterms:language":["eng"],"dcterms:type":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/69ZZ-2KGX"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Testo"}]}],"ebucore:filename":["Chapter 4_.pdf"],"ebucore:hasMimeType":["application\/pdf"],"edm:hasType":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/XA52-09WA"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"book part"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Buchkapitel"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Capitolo di libro"}]}],"edm:rights":["http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"],"rdam:P30004":[{"@type":"ids:doi","@value":"10.48341\/g31s-vq79-04"}],"rdau:P60101":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","bf:provisionActivity":[{"@type":"bf:Publication","bf:agent":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"University of Krems Press"}]}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@value":"Handbook on Irregular Migration Data. 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