{"@context":{"aiiso":"http:\/\/purl.org\/vocab\/aiiso\/schema#","arm":"https:\/\/ld4p.github.io\/arm\/core\/ontology\/0.1\/","bf":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/ontologies\/bibframe\/","bib":"https:\/\/bibliotek-o.org\/","bibo":"http:\/\/purl.org\/ontology\/bibo\/","cito":"http:\/\/purl.org\/spar\/cito\/","classSchemes":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/classSchemes","dbo":"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/ontology\/","dce":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/","dcmitype":"http:\/\/dublincore.org\/documents\/2000\/07\/11\/dcmi-type-vocabulary\/#","dcterms":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/","ebucore":"http:\/\/www.ebu.ch\/metadata\/ontologies\/ebucore\/ebucore","edm":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/","foaf":"http:\/\/xmlns.com\/foaf\/spec\/#","frap":"http:\/\/purl.org\/cerif\/frapo","identifiers":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers","ids":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers\/","opaque":"http:\/\/opaquenamespace.org\/","pcdm":"http:\/\/pcdm.org\/models#","phaidra":"https:\/\/phaidra.org\/ontology\/","rdam":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/m\/","rdau":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/u\/","rdax":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/x\/","rdf":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/02\/22-rdf-syntax-ns#","rdfs":"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/rdf-schema\/","relators":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators","role":{"@context":{"aut":{"@container":"@list","@id":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/aut"}}},"schema":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","skos":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2004\/02\/skos\/core#","skosxl":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2008\/05\/skos-xl"},"@id":"https:\/\/door.donau-uni.ac.at\/o:5465","bf:note":[{"@type":"bf:Note","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Malay traditional black ink, widely used in historical manuscripts, exemplifies durability, perma\nnence, and a composition based on natural, locally sourced materials. This study reconstructs a \nhistorical recipe using indigenous ingredients such as soot, mangosteen charcoal, and cashew \ngum. The formulation process involved experimental procedures including soot combustion, \ngum extraction, and the incorporation of additives like black pepper and salt. Testing the ink’s \nproperties through scientific analysis—alongside accelerated ageing and light exposure experi\nments—demonstrated its strong colour stability, resistance to fading, and consistent penetration \ninto paper substrates. Compared to several commercially available inks, the traditional formula\ntion displayed favourable performance in terms of durability and environmental compatibility. \nFeedback from professional calligraphers confirmed the ink’s practicality, with minor adjustments \nsuggested to improve flowability and drying time. The findings highlight the cultural and material \nsignificance of Malay traditional black ink and contribute to the preservation of historical knowl\nedge on ink preparation techniques in the Malay region."}]}],"dce:subject":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"‘Malay traditional black ink"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Manuscript production"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Historical ink recipes"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Ink formulation"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Cultural heritage preservation"}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Reviving Malay Traditional Black Ink: Historical Recipes, Characteristics, and Reconstruction"}]}],"dcterms:issued":["2025-05-02"],"dcterms:language":["eng"],"dcterms:type":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/69ZZ-2KGX"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Text"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Testo"}]}],"ebucore:filename":["cuarticle.pdf"],"ebucore:hasMimeType":["application\/pdf"],"edm:hasType":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/pid.phaidra.org\/vocabulary\/VKA6-9XTY"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"journal article"},{"@language":"deu","@value":"Wissenschaftlicher Artikel"},{"@language":"ita","@value":"Articolo di rivista"}]}],"edm:rights":["http:\/\/rightsstatements.org\/vocab\/InC\/1.0\/"],"rdam:P30004":[{"@type":"ids:doi","@value":"10.48341\/dd5j-g998"}],"rdau:P60193":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","bibo:issue":["1"],"bibo:volume":["13"],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Conservation Update"}]}]}],"role:aut":[{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:affiliation":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"International Islamic University Malaysia"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/ror.org\/03s9hs139"]}],"schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Razak"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Rajabi Abdul"}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0000-0002-3880-8481"}]},{"@type":"schema:Person","schema:affiliation":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"UCSI University"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/ror.org\/019787q29"]}],"schema:familyName":[{"@value":"Barkeshli"}],"schema:givenName":[{"@value":"Mandana"}],"skos:exactMatch":[{"@type":"ids:orcid","@value":"0000-0001-5083-4562"}]}]}