Rajabi Abdul Razak Rajabi Abdul Razak Mandana Barkeshli Mandana Barkeshli 2025 Malay traditional black ink, widely used in historical manuscripts, exemplifies durability, perma nence, and a composition based on natural, locally sourced materials. This study reconstructs a historical recipe using indigenous ingredients such as soot, mangosteen charcoal, and cashew gum. The formulation process involved experimental procedures including soot combustion, gum extraction, and the incorporation of additives like black pepper and salt. Testing the ink’s properties through scientific analysis—alongside accelerated ageing and light exposure experi ments—demonstrated its strong colour stability, resistance to fading, and consistent penetration into paper substrates. Compared to several commercially available inks, the traditional formula tion displayed favourable performance in terms of durability and environmental compatibility. Feedback from professional calligraphers confirmed the ink’s practicality, with minor adjustments suggested to improve flowability and drying time. The findings highlight the cultural and material significance of Malay traditional black ink and contribute to the preservation of historical knowl edge on ink preparation techniques in the Malay region. PDFDocument eng 2025-05-02T09:02:53.009368Z 2025-05-02 ‘Malay traditional black ink Manuscript production Historical ink recipes Ink formulation Cultural heritage preservation 3047332 b application/pdf http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/